The Influence of Concentrator Size, Reflective Material and Solar Irradiance on the Parabolic Dish Heat Transfer

Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) can meet the clean energy needs for power generation at a cost-competitive rate. Among the CSP technologies, Parabolic Dish (PD) has demonstrated the highest energy conversion efficiency. PD system produces electricity by using solar energy that is transferred from concentrator to receiver, to drive a Stirling engine and the generator. The concentrator in a PD system is used for focusing the solar radiation into the aperture of the receiver that is integrated in the Stirling engine. Stirling engine then converts the absorbed solar energy from the receiver into mechanical power by expanding the working gas in the cylinder. Then, the Stirling engine converts a linear motion into a rotary motion to turn the generator and produce electricity. This study is carried out to analyze the effect of the size, reflecting material and the solar radiation or Direct Normal Irradiance (DNI) to the rate of heat transfer from the concentrator to the receiver in the PD systems. For this purpose, a Matlab Simulink was used, in which the different rate of DNI in George Town, Penang Malaysia were taken into account. The study showed that the rate of heat transfer for the PD systems depended greatly on the size, reflecting material and the DNI of the area. These results are useful to help a better understanding of the relationship between size and reflecting material to the rate of heat transfer for a PD system under different DNI level

Development of a New Modeling Circuit for the Remote Terminal Unit (RTU) with GSM Communication

This paper introduces the design and development of Intelligent Remote Terminal Unit (RTU) which is to be applied as an automation technique for operating and controlling the low voltage (LV) downstream of 415/240V to enhance reliability of power for the consumers. The design proposed based on Global System for Mobile (GSM) communication and this paper also presents as efficient design for distribution automation system and its implementation in remote/automatic monitoring and controlling of the relays (circuit breaker) by means of GSM Short Message Service (SMS) services, automatic decision making and continuous monitoring of distribution system components in real time. The system has been equipped with microcontroller as a main component which act as an RTU programmed using Microcontroller PRO compiler software. The RTU provides monitoring fault operation, controlling functions and data collection for analysis. RTU will initiate the transaction with the digital and output modules. The master of this system is RTU and the slaves are digital and output modules. RTU plays an important role in detecting fault and assigned to serve message immediately in the control room. This system involves the detection of fault connected to the microcontroller(PIC18F77A) and GSM modem. When the fault occurs, the sensor will send the signals to the PIC16F77A. The PIC is programmed to process the data and send the signals to the GSM modem. Once received the data, GSM will send the message to the control room operators or other authorized personnel to alert them on the current situation through cellular phone. The results are then communicated between hardware circuit and simulation circuit for the final conclusion with the properly functional algorithm

Remote Terminal Unit (RTU) Hardware Design and Implementation Efficient in Different Application

This paper introduces the design and the development of RTU module with small remote telemetry unit suitable for different application in low voltage system. The design based on microcontroller which represents the intelligent brain of any low cost RTU. Small sizes RTU are responsible for data acquisition in substations and accomplishment of central station commands. This paper presents a new hardware design for an RTU that performs based on a PIC16F877 device operating at 20MHz and runs from a 9-24V AC/DC supply. The design is composed of four main modules with its own components in the architecture which include communication interface, analogue input, digital input and digital output. All operational tasks will be handled by non-expensive distribution automation system through it intelligent RTU by providing the best solutions without human intervention. Only Intelligent RTU together with the SCADA is capable to perform intelligent decisions on the distribution automation tasks. An intelligent Microcontroller based RTU for distribution automation system is proposed to innovate and renovate the downstream part of the power distribution system including the most advance communication networking system. This method utilizes automation concept of creating an intelligent RTU through modification and innovations

A Review of Communication Protocols for Intelligent Remote Terminal Unit Development

This paper reviewed all the possible interfacing communication protocols for remote terminal unit (RTU). Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system is a central station that can communicate with other network using the protocol. Fundamentally, the architectures of all networks are based on the seven layers of open system interconnection (OSI) and International Standard Organization (ISO). The objective of designing the protocols is to check the status of all the input and output field devices and send the report according to that status. The corresponding protocol and communication parameters between the connecting devices will be included in designing a complex SCADA system. The available protocols to develop the communication of RTU are Modbus/ASCII, distribute network protocol(DNP3), controller area network (CAN), International Electro-technical Commission (IEC 60870), and transmission control protocol/internet protocol (TCP/IP)

A Review of Communication Protocols for Intelligent Remote Terminal Unit Development

This paper reviewed all the possible interfacing communication protocols for remote terminal unit (RTU). Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system is a central station that can communicate with other network using the protocol. Fundamentally, the architectures of all networks are based on the seven layers of open system interconnection (OSI) and International Standard Organization (ISO). The objective of designing the protocols is to check the status of all the input and output field devices and send the report according to that status. The corresponding protocol and communication parameters between the connecting devices will be included in designing a complex SCADA system. The available protocols to develop the communication of RTU are Modbus/ASCII, distributed network protocol (DNP3), controller area network (CAN), International Electro-technical Commission (IEC 60870), and transmission control protocol/internet protocol (TCP/IP)

A Low Cost Wireless Data Acquisition System for Distribution Automation System

This paper presents the design and development of a 16F877A microcontroller-based wireless data acquisition system. Besides that, this paper also presents study of the possibility of different existing methodologies that linked to field data acquisition from distribution automation systems. Various existing data transmission technique was studied, especially for wireless systems such as satellite, radio, GSM and paging. The hardware and software implementation are described in this paper. The system will be used for reading, storing and analyzing data that obtained from DAS. The wireless communications are based on the GSM network. The laboratory results are compared with the simulation results to make the final conclusion of the algorithm function properly

Development of a novel fault management in distribution system using distribution automation system in conjunction with GSM communication

The paper develops and implement a novel fault management in distribution automation systems (DAS) at low voltage to enhance reliability of power for the consumers. The proposed fault management system is design based on GSM (global system for mobile) communication. The system has been equipped with current sensor as field data interface devices, microcontroller as remote terminal unit, GSM as communication network, computer as master terminal unit and visual basic as human interface (HMI) software. A fault management strategy is also designed to find out the fault location effectively without human intervention after a fault occurred. The laboratory results are compared with the simulation results to make the final conclusion on the functionality of the algorithm

Remote Terminal Unit Developed for Distribution Automation System (DAS) using MPLAB Software

Remote terminal (RTU) is a standalone data acquisition and control unit which monitoring and control equipment at some remote location from the central station that utilizes in the Distribution Automation System (DAS). The functions of this RTU are acquisition of information such as measured values, signal, meter readings and RTU also can transmit command or instruction, set points, control variables and monitoring as a function of time. In the present Distribution Automation System(DAS), the distribution field of automation allows the utilities to implement flexible control of distribution system to enhance efficiency, reliability, and quality of electric service. The implementation of distribution automation system will be highlight based on two factors which are benefit of distribution automation system implementation and area of distribution automation system implementation. The hardware design uses PIC16F877A microcontroller to control all the function of RTU. The types of fault detected are under voltage and overcurrent. The design consists of MPLAB software development using C programming and hardware assembly. RTU also designed to communicate with the SCADA system and the result is RTU able to detect under voltage and overcurrent fault

A Human Machine Interface (HMI) Framework for Smart Grid System

Smart Grid is a progressively important function in the electricity delivery system. Smart grid is requiring increasingly refined communication media. The system described in this paper consists of a human machine interface (HMI) which will monitor various physical activities that occur at Smart Grid. The HMI is designed using SCADA package software. The proposed system is using GSM as communication media that has the benefits of being simple in its scheme which supports to the complete low cost. The originality of the work lies in the low cost method. The proposed system is capable of transferring and receiving signals with the additional advantages of response tool

Remote Terminal Unit (RTU) Hardware Design And Development For Distribution Automation System

This paper introduces the design and development of Remote Terminal Unit (RTU) circuit and hardware implementation which represented in Distribution Automation System (DAS. The design is based on microcontroller using PIC16F877A and also introduces the Orcad software to design circuit for the RTU. RTU is a standalone data used to monitor status and alarm, sequence of events, counters/pulse accumulators, binary code decimals and analog inputs. The function of RTU is to collects all the data from the plant, digitize them and send to the master station through the communication network. RTU also receives command from control center (master station) and executes it at the substation